It’s 1864, and the Civil War is raging. But southern secession isn’t the only danger threatening the Union. The United States has plenty of other enemies, foreign and domestic. If they got their way, this is what the formerly united states would look like—not two, but four nations jostling for space and supremacy on the land mass between the Pacific and Atlantic.

The map title reads: Our Country as Traitors & Tyrants Would Have It; or Map of the Disunited States.”It was published in New York by H.H. Lloyd & Co. In blue, it shows a maximalist version of the Confederate States of America (CSA).

The map hands some targets of the Confederate States of America to the South.
The map hands some targets of the Confederate States of America to the South.

The core of the CSA was composed of seven Southern, slave-holding states who seceded following the election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860: Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, and South Carolina. After the Civil War began in April 1861, they were joined by four more slave states, this time from the Upper South: Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia. The CSA later tried but failed to expand its authority over Missouri and Kentucky, which never formally declared their secession.

The map shows all these states but one as part of the eventual CSA, with Confederate Missouri only going up to the Missouri River, which transects the state. The Confederacy also gets New Mexico, the Indian Territory (now known as Oklahoma), West Virginia (which had seceded from Virginia to remain in the Union), Maryland, and Delaware—and presumably also Washington, D.C., now stuck deep in blue (CSA) territory.

The rest of the United States is divided into three. The Atlantic States (in orange) are the smallest of the four entities, and it consists of the six New England states (Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island), plus New York State, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey.

The border between Pennsylvania and Ohio is now an international border, with the so-called Interior States (in yellow). It emerges on the southern shore of Lake Erie and runs south to an international tripoint (CSA, Atlantic States, and Interior States) at Wheeling (a.k.a. Fort Henry)—lopping off the northern tip of West Virginia’s northern panhandle and granting it to the Interiors.

In this map, the Ohio River becomes an international border, and a tripoint appears at the top of West Virginia.
In this map, the Ohio River becomes an international border, and a tripoint appears at the top of West Virginia.

The Interior States comprise the area formerly known as the Northwest Territory, now covered by the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin (and part of Minnesota); and also areas up to the Rocky Mountains covered by (the rest of) Minnesota, the Dakota Territory (not yet divided into the states of North and South Dakota), Nebraska, Kansas, Montana, and those parts of Idaho and Colorado Territories to the east of the Rockies. (The map shows Idaho Territory consisting of the current states of Idaho and Wyoming; this does not seem to have any basis in historical fact. Idaho Territory comprised the current states of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming up to May 26, 1864, when Montana Territory [coterminous with the later state of Montana] was organized separately, and the part that roughly corresponds to the present state of Wyoming was transferred to Dakota Territory.)

The remaining U.S. states and territories are part of the Pacific States (in red), i.e., California, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Arizona, and Utah (entirely), and Idaho and Colorado (partly).

Slavery and states' rights advocate John C. Calhoun is represented as an architect of division.
Slavery and states’ rights advocate John C. Calhoun is represented as an architect of division.

Which are the forces that threaten the Union? The map gives no explanation, but shows three figures on the map edges, and each can be considered a danger to the United States. To the east, the snake-protected bust of John C. Calhoun, Vice President under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. The South Carolinian was a strong defender of slavery and states’ rights, and was seen as one of the precursors of Southern secession. Calhoun represents the (domestic) “Traitors” mentioned in the map’s title.

The maps suggests the British Empire, working from Canada, as a potential divider of the formerly unified states.
The maps suggests the British Empire, working from Canada, as a potential divider of the formerly unified states.

A sinister Canadian lion, hungrily gazing towards the Great Lake states and crowned to facilitate identification, represents the British Empire. The Brits remained neutral during the Civil War, but certain elements within both the Confederacy and Great Britain itself pleaded for British military intervention to turn the tide in favor of the South. Could this (foreign) “Tyrant” be eyeing the Interior States as a new Dominion for the British crown?

In Mexico meanwhile, French emperor Napoleon III is crowning Maximilian of Habsburg-Lorraine emperor of Mexico. The short-lived Second Mexican Empire was France’s failed attempt to establish a subsidiary monarchy in Mexico. The United States refused to recognize the Empire, continuing its support for the Mexican republic under Benito Juarez. Perhaps if the Empire had survived, it would have tried to foster a Mexico-friendly rebellion in the Pacific states.

The final "Tyrant" appears to be Napoleon III, who supported an subsidiary empire in Mexico.
The final “Tyrant” appears to be Napoleon III, who supported an subsidiary empire in Mexico.

“To our knowledge, no other map of the Civil War era depicted such an extreme vision of a secession-torn United States,” write Boston Rare Maps, which sold a copy of this extraordinary map for an undisclosed sum.

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